LPL

            Lawyers are often called on to make arguments about the interpretation of legal texts. Too many go straight to probable intention, policy, and consequences—perhaps because legal education from 1950 to the present has emphasized those factors the most.             But since the late 1980s, textualism has been on the rise—perhaps primarily from the influence …

LawProse Lesson #335: Making a Textual Argument. Read More »

Law-school deans aren’t known to produce great scholarship. They’re too busy in meetings and writing fundraising letters all day. Most of them once produced scholarship, but it slows to a dribble once they assume a deanship.           The great exception here is Ward Farnsworth, dean of the University of Texas School of Law. He has …

LawProse Lesson #334: An important trilogy. Read More »

It doesn’t matter whether you’re a lawyer filing a brief or a college student turning in a paper: you must double-check your references. That means two things: (1) getting the names and the pages right, and (2) verifying all quotations word for word and letter for letter. If you’ve had to omit a word or …

LawProse Lesson #333: Double-check your references. Read More »

Golfers use a great expression to describe what happens when one player follows another player on the putting green—someone with a similar putt. The second player “goes to school” on the first—that is, learns about the speed and break of the putt. Going second lends an advantage.           At LawProse, perhaps because we’re erstwhile golfers, …

LawProse Lesson #332: Going to school. Read More »

Why every lawyer needs a home copy of The Law of Judicial Precedent. In the past month, three lawyers and one appellate judge have written to ask for citations to the ground-breaking treatise The Law of Judicial Precedent (2016). They were stuck at home and didn’t have a copy ready at hand. We supplied the …

LawProse Lesson #331: Why every lawyer needs a home copy of The Law of Judicial Precedent. Read More »

Why every litigator needs a home copy of Reading Law. Over the past five years, the U.S. Supreme Court has cited the Scalia & Garner treatise Reading Law: The Interpretation of Legal Texts in 32 cases. Since its publication in 2012, it has been cited in more than 1,200 appellate decisions—far more than any other …

LawProse Lesson #330: Why every litigator needs a home copy of Reading Law. Read More »

The Seven Types of English Sentences. At a time when we all need distractions from the news, it seems timely to remind ourselves of something as beautiful as English syntax. In English, there are seven basic patterns that an independent clause can follow. Only seven. (Not counting that incomplete sentence, or this one.) The basic …

LawProse Lesson #329: The Seven Types of English Sentences. Read More »

Rulebooks vs. Style Guides. It has become fashionable lately in linguistic circles to say that people confuse style manuals with rulebooks (grammars). But the supposed distinction is highly questionable. Good usage guides are essentially both: they’re style manuals dealing with both grammatical issues and stylistic preferences that improve phrasing and word choice. Many questions of …

LawProse Lesson #328: Rulebooks vs. Style Guides. Read More »

Standard English and Nonconformity. Standards enforce conformity, and Standard Written English demands conformity with literary tradition. When it comes to style, even some brazen nonconformists—writers like David Foster Wallace—famously prized Standard Written English. One way of enhancing Standard English (written or spoken) has been adults’ tendency to correct children of a certain age (preferably, say, …

LawProse Lesson #327: Standard English and Nonconformity. Read More »

The Know-How of an Expert. Do you have a hobby you’re passionate about? Perhaps it’s coin-collecting, or rowing, or gardening, or sports cars, or high-school football. Whatever it may be, you’ve doubtless gained considerable expertise over the years. And it’s a joy to encounter someone else with the same passion, isn’t it? You take your …

LawProse Lesson #326: The Know-How of an Expert. Read More »

Openers To be highly accomplished at any skill, you must observe others who are accomplished. That’s just the way it is. If you’re not a serious, regular reader—and haven’t been for extended periods in your life—you can’t possibly hope to produce good writing yourself. So for at least 15 minutes a day, read attentively. The …

LawProse Lesson #325: Openers. Read More »

How to Interpret Statutes and Contracts. Are you analyzing a question of statutory construction or contractual interpretation? Your basic template is this: text, structure, purpose, and history—in that order. Each one, preferably, is supported (in a brief) by a full-sentence point heading. To see lots of first-rate examples, see The Winning Brief (3d ed.) § …

LawProse Lesson #324: How to Interpret Statutes and Contracts. Read More »

As we saw last time, there are important rules about correlative conjunctions. Neither . . . nor constructions are similar to those with either . . . or: A neither . . . nor construction takes a singular verb when the alternatives are singular or when the second alternative is singular <Neither the committee members nor …

LawProse Lesson #323: Best Practices for neither . . . nor. Read More »

Either and or are called correlative conjunctions when they appear in tandem. They present several grammatical and usage issues, and because they’re used so often, you’re well advised to commit a few rules to memory. Use them with paired items only. Once you get to three, drop either. Make sure the items they frame are …

LawProse Lesson #322: Best Practices for either . . . or. Read More »

Write an editorial in 45 minutes? Given that lawyers are professional writers, I’ve always thought that any good lawyer ought to be able to block out a period of 45 minutes, sit down, and write a publishable newspaper editorial during that time. Many can. But most can’t. It’s challenging to define a problem of current concern, …

LawProse Lesson #321: Write an editorial in 45 minutes? Read More »

Stopping and starting. Flow. Fluency. Continuity. These are some of the most challenging things to achieve in the process of writing. Here’s a tip: When you’re composing, and you need a little breather, never stop at the end of a section or paragraph. Instead, begin the following sentence and then take your break. You’ll naturally …

LawProse Lesson #320: Stopping and starting. Read More »

Opinion letters. The phrase opinion letter denotes a broad category encompassing many types of lawyers’ letters with various purposes and formats. Examples abound: usury opinions in loan transactions, title opinions in real-estate transactions, closing opinions in securities offerings, coverage opinions in insurance matters. Such a letter is almost always a written opinion of law regarding …

LawProse Lesson #319: Opinion letters Read More »

Powerful pleadings. Some people—mostly journalists, but even some lawyers—refer to all court papers as “pleadings.” In precise usage, however, pleadings are the documents containing the written allegations that each party must communicate to the opponent before trial so that each will know what contentions must be supported (or rebutted) by the evidence. Examples are complaints, …

LawProse Lesson #318: Powerful pleadings. Read More »

Writing in solitude—with concentration. There’s a crisis of inattention in the modern world. We’re all surrounded by electronic devices that sound off continually, requiring—or seeming to require—our immediate attention. We end up concentrating for five or ten seconds before mentally resting a bit until the next surge of attention is required (or seemingly required). Scientists …

LawProse Lesson #317: Writing in solitude. Read More »

Try this when revising: Mark your changes on a hard copy—in ink. Then enter your changes yourself. You’ll find that merely touching the keys sharpens your thoughts. You’ll be making more revisions as you go, especially toward an appropriate copiousness of thought. You’ll cut later, to be sure, but one aspect of early revision is …

LawProse Lesson #316: A key to revising effectively. Read More »